نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 28 (زمستان 1402)

The land of China has long been the focus of historians and writers due to its vastness, history and diversity of culture and civilization. This research, looking at contemporary needs and necessities and relying on library sources and descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question of what Muslim writers from the 3rd century Hijri to the middle of the 7th century Hijri provide knowledge about the economic situation and developments of this land. Muslims' knowledge about China at this point in time was based on personal observations, trusting other reporters, and in some cases based on stories and legends. One of the findings of this research is the attention of Muslim writers to goods, industries and mines, traditions and economic laws and routes, ports and commercial cities of China. The information that has good comprehensiveness and variety in terms of the subject and can tell the concerns, issues and economic attractions of this land from the point of view of Muslim writers.

The formation of the Fatimid state in the Maghreb in 297 AH was the beginning of the Fatimid attempt to dominate the entire territory of the Maghreb as an all-encompassing state. This made the Fatimids' treatment of other believer groups in the Maghreb inevitable. other believers included Sunnis, Zaidi Shiites, and khariji religion who played important roles in the political, economic, and social spheres. Fatimid relations with these groups have been quite different based on religious and political circumstances. Based on a descriptive-analytical approach, the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between the Fatimids and khariji religion other believers of the Bani Rostam and Bani Madrar religions and the influence of religious, political and economic factors on these relations. Findings show that all three religious, political and economic components have played an important role in shaping these relationships. Although the religious and intellectual component has played a more prominent role and the intellectual and religious conflicts in the field of Imamate and Caliphate have been the infrastructure of Fatimid relations with this group of other believers; On the other hand, the effort to develop the land and form a powerful government, as well as access to the commercial interests of the region, has been one of the political and economic factors influencing the Fatimids' relations with khariji religious people.

One of the main characteristics of the economic system in a part of the Abbasid Caliphate and its contemporary semi-independent governments was the expansion of the feudal system. The system of akhta was initially formed with the aim of solving the economic problems of the government, especially in paying the salaries and duties of the soldiers. But its excessive growth and expansion, especially during the Seljuk period, had harmful consequences. The devastating effect on the economic and social life of the villages and the lives of the villagers was one of the most important consequences. With this description, in this research, an attempt is made to answer this main question by relying more on the text of Atba-ul-Katba, why the expansion of the feudal system during the Seljuk period had devastating economic and social effects on the lives of the peasants, and what are these effects? Based on the findings of the research, the growing greed of feudal lords for the expansion of feudal lands, the weakness of the government's supervision of the work of the feudal lords, the lack of sufficient knowledge of feudal lords about agriculture and the continuous exploitation of the villagers, all the causes of the destitution and poverty of the farming villagers and in Their social and economic life had completely collapsed.

The term "national Jewish homeland" is an important part of the Balfour Declaration, which until then was unknown in international societies, And he did not express clearly the meaning and meaning, and this clause has always been mentioned with different and vague interpretations.Following the issuance of the declaration, the term "national Jewish homeland" became an important part of the goals and focus for the Zionist reaching out.The issue of research is the study and analysis of the National Jewish State in the Balfour Declaration and its legal flaws.Findings of the research indicate that the term "national Jewish homeland", which overestimated the value and validity of the Declaration, clarifies its shortcomings and legal defects.The importance and importance of investigating the legal aspects of the Balfour Declaration and the formation of the national homeland in the Declaration are among the issues in the history of Palestine that can not be easily passed by them and should be carefully considered.The author tries to examine the legal dimensions of the Balfour Declaration and, in particular, the concept of the national homeland of the Jews without any political or partisan views, in a descriptive, the analytical method

The unity of the Ummah is one of the most important requirements for the revival of Islamic civilization in the contemporary era. Therefore, all Muslim civilization thinkers have a strong belief in the necessity of the unity of the Ummah. But the most important challenge is to explain the process of realizing unity and provide a mechanism to face the challenge of division in the Islamic society in a way that leads to the revival of Islamic civilization. Therefore, the problem of the present research is what kind of relationship between unity and civilization exists from Al-Alwani's point of view as a unificationist and civilizationist Muslim thinker? This article explains Al-Alwani's thoughts by referring to his works. The result is that al-Alwani has pursued the project of unity through the reconstruction of the Ummah in the field of concept and reality. According to him, a broad and deep understanding of the concept of the Ummah, its global mission and its requirements is the most basic starting point, and to realize it, steps such as drawing the same method of ijtihad, the unity of building the Qur'an and the Sunnah with the Qur'an as its center and considering the comprehensive approach has suggested He has made intellectual unity with the aim of realizing the grand goals in the world as the basis for the realization of Islamic civilization.

Iran's history has been described as male and masculine history, as a result, the constitutional revolution has been depicted and introduced as a male revolution, and the role of women has been neglected, while by referring to various sources including newspapers, one can doubt this dominant view and one can assign an important role to women. The activities and struggles of the women of this region have been reflected in the Tabriz newspaper Anjuman Tabriz, which is considered the organization of the state association of Azerbaijan (Tabriz), and thus many unsaid activities of Iranian women in the constitutional period have been freed from oblivion. The current research aims to answer these questions by referring to Anjuman Tabriz newspaper and some available sources, while examining the role of Muslim women in Tabriz and some other cities of Iran in the constitutional period, relying on a local publication and using a descriptive-analytical method that what role did Iranian women play in the political-social developments during the constitutional period and what did their activities include.

Understanding an idea in the form of its flow and analysis of its types is a well-known necessity in the history of thought, which reveals the origin of the species and provides a better understanding to researchers in the field of thought. Meanwhile, Egypt, as one of the most important centers of the history of contemporary Muslim thought, has always played a pivotal role. Among the researches conducted in Farsi language, less attention has been paid to the recognition and analytical categorization of the social-intellectual currents of Egypt. Therefore, the main question of this research is the nature, why and how of Egyptian intellectual currents in the 19th century. The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical. The result of this research shows that in the 19th century, three continuous trends can be identified, all of which gradually in their historical course, after the structural reform, reach reform in thought or Ijtihad. In fact, the concern of modifying the appearance and structuralism gradually gains intellectual and ideological depth. Keywords: tradition, modernity, Egypt, West, reform, consciousness, social revolution.